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2.2 Innovation

Observations

The proportion of enterprises engaging with enterprise activity in most regions was higher in 2015 than 2013, and lower in 2017. Since 2007, the FWCI score has been higher in the UK compared with the other G7 countries.

Indicator 2.2.1 – Innovation activity

% of enterprises engaging with the introduction of a new or significantly improved good or service or process or with innovation projects not yet complete or abandoned in 2017.

Indicator 2.2.2 – Citation impact

Field-weighted citation impact is a measure of how much impact a set of publications have had. It compares the actual number of citations received by publications with the expected number of citations for a similar document.

Expected citations are the average number of citations a publication published in the same year, discipline, and of the same document type (book, article, review, conference paper) receives. Where a publication is classified in two or more subjects, its actual citations are evenly split between the subjects and respectively compared to the expected number of citations for each subject. A harmonic mean is then used to calculate the FWCI.

FWCI therefore accounts for differences in citation accrual over time (older publications have more time to be cited than recent publications), as well as differences in citation rates across disciplines and types of document. A value of 1.0 represents the world average.